Sustainable Development

Published by Education Sky on August 12, 2024

3.3 Sustainable Development: Land, Water and Natural Resources

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

–Brundtland Commission

Sustainable development is the development which is sensitive to the rights of future generation and sustainability of earth`s environment. It addresses the environmental concerns into the development process. For sustainable development to be ensured, prudent use of the earth`s resources are essential.

The term “Sustainable Development” was coined in the famous report entitled ‘Our Common Future’ published by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 A.D. Also known as Brundtland Report, it argued that the environment and economic development could be mutually supportive, not exclusive to each other, calling for a judicious exploitation of natural resources. Sustainable development demands balance between-

The compulsion of today and the needs of tomorrow.
Private initiative and public action.
Individual greed and social compassion.

With passage of time, the concept of sustainable development has become more dynamic, and it has embraced other major developments making itself a broad concept with multiple dimensions. As of now, sustainable development has become a worldwide vocabulary which comprises three fundamental pillars is necessary for realizing sustainable development in real sense.

Dimensions of Sustainable Development:

While understanding sustainable development, it must be viewed through the following major dimensions in development endeavors.

1. Environmental dimension:

Sustainable use of natural resources.
Protection of bio-diversity and carrying capacity of the earth.
Emphasis on renewable source over non-renewable source of energy.
Focus on environment conservation and ecological balance.
Balancing environment and developmental activities.

2. Economic dimension:

Equitable and judicious distribution of resources.
Utilization of local resources, skills and technology in developmental activities.
Balanced and inclusive development.
Sustainable employment generation and poverty alleviation.

3. Socio-cultural dimension:

Social justice, equity and egalitarian society.
Social security measures.
Promoting social participation & ownership in development.
Protection and promotion of cultural heritages.
Protection of cultural values and norms, removing socio-cultural evils and misbehaves.

4. Human Dimensions:

Protection and promotion of human rights.
Recognition of human values and dignity.
Human security.
Development of human capacities and institutional development the development should not make
people jobless, futureless, cultureless, growth less and voiceless.

5. Governance Dimension:

Democratic governance system with representative government.
Inclusive governance system.
Citizen-centric administration.
Rule of law.
Transparent, proactive, pro-public and accountable government.

Historical Background / Efforts on Sustainable Development.

Until the 1970s, the growth-centered development models pursued around the globe were based on the assumption that natural resources are inexhaustible and perpetually available for exploitation. Thereafter sustainable development started to be identified as integration of environmental policies with development strategies. To make the world, socially liable, economically viable and environmentally sustainable, the major global efforts are highlighted hereunder:

Barbara Ward, founder of the International Institute for Environment and Development, first used the term “Sustainable Development”.
In 1971 A.D., the first International Conference on Environmental Future held in Helsinki contributed to the concept of sustainable development.
In 1972 A.D., United Nations Conference on the Environment, also known as Stockholm Conference, was the first world conference to make the environment a major issue. It drew attention of world towards environment issues through Stockholm Declaration and action plan for the human environment.
In 1972 A.D., the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was established as one of the major results of the Stockholm Conference. Headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya UNEP is mandated to set the global environmental agenda, promote the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable within the United Nations system and serve as an authoritative advocate for the global environment.
In 1987 A.D., World Commission on Environment and Development, also known as Brundtland Commission Published world agenda on sustainable development presenting the report “Our Common Future”.
In 1992 A.D., The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit issued and adopted the agenda of action on sustainable development for the twenty-first century known as Agenda 21, and principles for sustainable development through Rio Declaration signed by 179 countries.
In 2000 A.D., at the Millennium Summit held in the United Nations headquarters, world leaders adopted eight time-bound and quantified Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) including “Environment Sustainability” goal to be achieved by 2015, with commitment to global partnership for development.
In 2000 A.D., World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSd), also known as Johannesburg Summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa. It stressed on building partnership for sustainable development while bringing together world leaders to focus the world`s attention and direct action toward meeting difficult challenges, including improving people`s lives and conserving the natural resources.
In 2012 A.D., The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, also known as Rio+20 Summit came with an outcome document “The Future We Want” which emphasized on making the world socially liable, economically viable and environmentally sustainable through “inclusive green growth” endeavors.
In September 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Summit was held in New York, USA which adopted a new global development agenda entitled “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development” with 17 sustainable development goals and 169 targets to be achieved by 2030. It strategically focused on five aspects viz. people, planet, peace, prosperity and partnership for sustainable development.
In December 2015, in order to unite all nations into a common cause to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, Paris Agreement was concluded in Paris, France.
In September 2023, SDG Summit was held in New York, USA for follow-up and review of implementation of SDGs. It marks the beginning of accelerated progress towards SDGs attainment by 2030.

Principles of Rio Declaration on Sustainable Development

The 1992 Rio Declaration called on every country to pursue sustainable development strategies at the national level on the basis of certain principles it adopted. The key principles adopted by the declaration are:

Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development.
The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.
Recognition of environmental protection as an integral part of the development process.
Cooperation of all in eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development.
Recognition of the special needs of vulnerable countries.
Sprit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the earth`s ecosystem.
Common but differentiated responsibilities of countries with regard to contributions to global environment conservation.
Reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption.
Cooperate to strengthen indigenous capacity-building for sustainable development.
Participation of all citizens to handle environment issues.
Development of national law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage.
Internalization of environmental costs by national authorities.
Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.
Peaceful resolution of environmental disputes by states.

Sustainable Development Efforts in Nepal

In every constituent of sustainable development ranging from economic to social to environmental issues, Nepal has made several provisions:
Constitution of Nepal has entailed rights relating to environment as a fundamental right for clean environment.
Since the 14^th plan, Sustainable development goals have been incorporated in planned development efforts.
The 15^th plan has made necessary provisions to prioritize environment friendly development embracing “Inclusive Green Growth”.
Environmental Protection Act, 2076 has emphasized on Environmental Impact Assessment on development projects.
Forest Act, 2076 and good governance (Management and Operation) Act 2064 have prioritized for environment protection.
Institutional mechanisms such as Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Forest and Environment, National Nature Conservation Trust to implement the policies and programs in their respective jurisdictions.
The government is committed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by specifying goals and targets for Nepal with respect to each SDG.
Nepal is a signatory to several environments related conventions.
Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 and Solid Waste Management Rules, 2070 has emphasized on reducing garbage, its reuse and recycle, and sustainable management of waste materials.
Environment Protection Council under the chairpersonship of Prime Minister is formed.
Nepal has become a party to various international treaties and conventions relating to environment such as Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement.

Problems relating to Sustainable Development in Nepal.

Developed countries have been exporting their environmental hazards to developing countries by shifting dirty industries. The problems relating to sustainable development arising from internal and external factors are:

Weak implementation of policies because they are scattered, unclear and frequently changed.
Unplanned urbanization, depletion of agricultural land its productivity.
Weak institutional structure due to its bottlenecks such as scattered responsibility, closed decision practices, narrow mandate.
Weak capacity to implement international commitments on environmental issues.
No clear indicators to measure sustainable development.
High bureaucratization, corruption, mismanagement, under-utilization of resources.
Lack of participation in a constructive manner of people in development that resulting in unequal distribution of resources.
Degradation of watersheds, ozone layer depletion and global warming.
Inability to capture goods practices and conventional wisdom on sustainable development due to the arrival of western development philosophy.
Employing improper technologies without considering their sustainability.
Poor awareness on the issues of environment, sustainable development and climate change to avert the risks.
Lack of evidence-based information and policies regarding impact of climate change, including its adaption and mitigation.

Measures for realizing Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is about meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves a balanced approach to economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. Here are some key measures to realize sustainable development:

1. Promote Renewable Energy

Invest in Clean Energy: Increase the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
Improve Energy Efficiency: Implement energy-saving technologies and practices in industries, homes, and transportation.

2. Enhance Resource Efficiency

Reduce Waste: Promote recycling, composting, and the circular economy to minimize waste and extend the lifecycle of products.
Optimize Resource Use: Use resources such as water, minerals, and land more efficiently through better management and technology.

3. Protect Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Conserve Natural Habitats: Establish protected areas and enforce regulations to preserve natural habitats and wildlife.
Restore Degraded Environments: Engage in reforestation, wetland restoration, and other activities to rehabilitate damaged ecosystems.

4. Promote Sustainable Agriculture

Adopt Sustainable Farming Practices: Use techniques such as crop rotation, organic farming, and reduced use of pesticides and fertilizers.
Support Local Food Systems: Encourage local and regional food production to reduce transportation emissions and support local economies.

5. Advance Social Equity and Inclusion

Ensure Access to Education and Healthcare: Provide quality education and healthcare services to all, with a focus on marginalized communities.
Promote Fair Labor Practices: Support fair wages, safe working conditions, and equal opportunities for all workers.

6. Encourage Sustainable Transportation

Develop Public Transit Systems: Invest in efficient and accessible public transportation options to reduce reliance on personal vehicles.
Support Alternative Transportation: Promote cycling, walking, and the use of electric or hybrid vehicles.

7. Implement Effective Policies and Governance

Enforce Environmental Regulations: Create and enforce laws and policies that protect the environment and promote sustainability.
Promote Transparency and Accountability: Ensure that governments and corporations are transparent about their sustainability practices and held accountable for their impact.

8. Foster Sustainable Urban Development

Design Green Cities: Incorporate green spaces, energy-efficient buildings, and sustainable infrastructure in urban planning.
Promote Smart Growth: Focus on compact, walkable communities that reduce sprawl and minimize environmental impact.

9. Encourage Sustainable Consumption

Raise Awareness: Educate consumers about the environmental and social impacts of their purchases.
Promote Eco-Friendly Products: Support products that are sustainably sourced, produced, and have a lower environmental impact.

10. Support Research and Innovation

Invest in Sustainable Technologies: Fund research and development in sustainable technologies and practices.
Encourage Collaboration: Foster partnerships between governments, businesses, and communities to drive innovation and implement sustainable solutions.

By integrating these measures into policies, practices, and daily life, we can work towards a more sustainable future that balances environmental health, economic vitality, and social well-being.

Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all by 2030. Adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the SDGs consist of 17 goals that address a broad range of global challenges. Here’s an overview of each goal:

1. No Poverty

End poverty in all its forms everywhere. This goal aims to eradicate extreme poverty and ensure that all people have access to essential resources and opportunities.

2. Zero Hunger

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. This goal focuses on eliminating hunger and ensuring access to nutritious food for everyone.

3. Good Health and Well-Being

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. This goal targets reducing maternal and child mortality, combating diseases, and addressing mental health issues.

4. Quality Education

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. It aims to provide access to education and skills development.

5. Gender Equality

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. This goal seeks to eliminate discrimination, violence, and barriers to women’s and girls’ full participation in society.

6. Clean Water and Sanitation

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. This goal focuses on improving water quality, access to clean water, and sanitation facilities.

7. Affordable and Clean Energy

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. It aims to increase the use of renewable energy sources and improve energy efficiency.

8. Decent Work and Economic Growth

Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. This goal focuses on economic growth and job creation.

9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation. It emphasizes the need for robust infrastructure and technological advancement.

10. Reduced Inequality

Reduce inequality within and among countries. This goal addresses income inequality and promotes equal opportunities for all.

11. Sustainable Cities and Communities

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. It focuses on urban development, housing, and reducing the impact of cities on the environment.

12. Responsible Consumption and Production

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. This goal aims to promote resource and energy efficiency and reduce waste.

13. Climate Action

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. It includes efforts to mitigate climate change and adapt to its effects.

14. Life Below Water

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. It aims to protect marine environments and biodiversity.

15. Life on Land

Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, manage forests sustainably, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and biodiversity loss.

16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels.

17. Partnerships for the Goals

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. This goal focuses on enhancing global cooperation and partnerships to achieve the SDGs.

Each goal is interconnected and depends on the progress of the others, highlighting the need for comprehensive and integrated approaches to address global challenges.

Nepal’s Implementation of the SDGs

Nepal has made significant strides in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of its national development agenda. The country’s approach reflects its commitment to addressing poverty, inequality, environmental sustainability, and overall development challenges. Here’s an overview of how Nepal is working towards achieving the SDGs:

1. National Planning and Policy Integration

15th Plan: Nepal’s 15th Periodic Plan (2019-2024) integrates the SDGs into its national development framework. This plan outlines strategies for achieving economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability.
SDG Localization: The SDGs have been localized in Nepal, with provincial and local governments incorporating them into their development plans and strategies.

2. Poverty Reduction (Goal 1)

Social Protection Programs: Nepal has implemented various social protection programs, such as cash transfers and food subsidies, to support marginalized and vulnerable populations.
Economic Empowerment: Initiatives like microfinance and vocational training aim to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty.

3. Zero Hunger (Goal 2)

Food Security Initiatives: Programs to enhance agricultural productivity, support smallholder farmers, and improve food distribution are in place.
Nutrition Programs: Efforts are focused on improving nutrition and addressing malnutrition through school feeding programs and health interventions.

4. Good Health and Well-Being (Goal 3)

Health Services Expansion: Nepal has worked on expanding health services, including maternal and child health care, and addressing communicable diseases.
Health Infrastructure: Investments in health infrastructure and capacity building aim to improve healthcare delivery.

5. Quality Education (Goal 4)

Education Sector Reforms: The government has undertaken reforms to improve access to quality education, including initiatives to enhance teacher training and school infrastructure.
Literacy Programs: Various programs focus on improving literacy rates and ensuring education for marginalized communities.

6. Gender Equality (Goal 5)

Legal and Policy Frameworks: Nepal has enacted laws and policies to promote gender equality, prevent gender-based violence, and support women’s empowerment.
Women’s Participation: Efforts are being made to increase women’s participation in decision-making processes and leadership roles.

7. Clean Water and Sanitation (Goal 6)

Water Supply Projects: Initiatives aim to provide access to safe drinking water and improve sanitation facilities in rural and urban areas.
Sanitation Campaigns: Programs promoting hygiene and sanitation practices are being implemented.

8. Affordable and Clean Energy (Goal 7)

Renewable Energy Projects: Nepal is investing in renewable energy sources, including hydropower, solar, and wind energy, to improve energy access and sustainability.
Energy Efficiency: Efforts to enhance energy efficiency and promote clean cooking technologies are underway.

9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (Goal 9)

Infrastructure Development: Nepal is focusing on developing transportation and communication infrastructure to support economic growth.
Support for Innovation: Programs are being implemented to foster innovation and technological development.

10. Reduced Inequality (Goal 10)

Social Inclusion Policies: Policies aimed at reducing inequalities include affirmative actions and programs targeting disadvantaged groups.
Economic Opportunities: Efforts to promote equitable economic opportunities and access to resources are in place.

11. Sustainable Cities and Communities (Goal 11)

Urban Planning: Nepal is working on sustainable urban planning to address challenges related to rapid urbanization and infrastructure development.
Disaster Risk Reduction: Initiatives to improve resilience to natural disasters are being implemented.

12. Responsible Consumption and Production (Goal 12)

Waste Management: Programs to improve waste management and promote recycling are being developed.
Sustainable Practices: Efforts to encourage sustainable consumption and production practices are ongoing.

13. Climate Action (Goal 13)

Climate Change Adaptation: Nepal is focusing on climate change adaptation strategies, including disaster risk reduction and environmental conservation.
Green Initiatives: Policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote environmental sustainability are being pursued.

14. Life Below Water (Goal 14)

Marine Conservation: While Nepal has limited marine resources, efforts are made to address issues related to inland water bodies and their conservation.

15. Life on Land (Goal 15)

Forestry and Conservation: Programs to protect and restore forests, combat desertification, and conserve biodiversity are in place.
Land Use Management: Sustainable land use practices are being promoted to address land degradation and deforestation.

16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions (Goal 16)

Governance Reforms: Nepal is working on strengthening governance, rule of law, and institutional capacity.
Anti-Corruption Measures: Efforts to combat corruption and promote transparency and accountability are ongoing.

17. Partnerships for the Goals (Goal 17)

International Cooperation: Nepal is collaborating with international organizations, donor agencies, and other countries to support SDG implementation.
Public-Private Partnerships: Engaging in partnerships with the private sector to achieve sustainable development goals.

Nepal’s efforts to implement the SDGs are multifaceted, involving national policies, local initiatives, and international collaboration. Challenges such as limited resources and geographical diversity require innovative and context-specific solutions to ensure that the goals are achieved effectively.

Nepal`s Challenges Towards Realizing SDGs.

Localizing SDGs at Sub-National Level.
Huge resources commitment.
Ensuring sustainable production and consumption.
Cross-cutting Nature of Goals.
Attaining Ambitious Goals.
Garnering policy stability and Harmonization.
Managing Disaster.
Strong Database Requirement.